URL:
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Nota bene:
60 minutes time for the exam; 30 questions in total, 4 choices per question.
More than one answer can be correct. The question states how many answers
are correct. 1 point per question can be obtained but only if ALL answers
are completely correct - so if 2 answers must be correct, and you select
only one answer then you will get 0 points. Same if you select a wrong
answer. 16 points are required to pass the exam.
31.07.2014:
1) What ist the "MHC shared epitope"?
2) What does MHC II do?
-> heterodimers
-> is loaded with extracellular proteins
-> MHC II interacts mainly with T helper cells (TCD4+)
3) Which of the following PRRs bind carbohydrates?
4) What happens in the "secondary lymphoid organs"?
Secondary lymphoid organs include lymph nodes (LNs), spleen,
Peyer's patches (PPs) and mucosal tissues.
In these sites, immune responses will be generated, as
well as tolerance.
5) Which "allergen families" have Archean ancestors (2)?
--> nsLTPs
--> 2 s albumins
--> Bet v 1 superfamily
--> cupin superfamily
6) Der p 2 is structurally similar to which structure in the body? [DONE]
Der p 2 besitzt eine Homologie zum Toll-like Rezeptor MD-2.
See:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_p_2 7) Which of the following allergens bind LPS (2)?
--> Pru p 3
--> Der p 2
--> Fel d 1
--> noch eines...
Which of the following "PRRs" bind nucleic acids?
--> TLR 1
--> TLR 3
--> noch zwei weitere
9) Which "allergens" belong to the group of "beta expansins"?
10) Which part of the complement system forms the MAC? [DONE]
C5b-C6-C7-C8-C9
(Active MAC is composed of the subunits C5b, C6, C7, C8 and
several C9 molecules.)
See:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complemen ... ck_complex11) Which of the following recognise fungal or microbial antigens?
--> Dectins
--> Alarmins
--> Endorphins
--> Cathelidicins
(o. so; war ein bisserl eine Scherzfrage
)
12) Which PRRs are NOT membrane bound?
--> RIG like receptors
--> NOD like receptors
--> TLRs
--> ???
13) Th1 cells do what?
--> produce IL-17
--> secrete IgG
--> secrete IgE
--> activate macrophages
14) Which of the following are true for autoimmune diseases?
--> men are more likely to get them
--> women are more likely to get them
--> arise due to a loss of self-tolerant lympocytes
--> are inherited
15) The "systemic blood pressure" is regulated by ... ? [DONE]
Short-term control is coordinated by the autonomic nervous
system whereas the kidneys appear to be responsible for
day-to-day, long-term blood pressure control.
16) The risk of atherosclerosis is increased by ...? [DONE]
--> female gender
--> smoking [yes]
--> high blood pressure [yes]
--> young age
Risk factors for atherosclerosis are:
a) blood cholesterol levels, in particular high LDL cholesterol
b) bigh blood pressure
c) smoking
d) insulin resistance
e) obesity
f) lack of physical activity
g) unhealthy diet
h) older age
i) family history of early heart disease
17) What does the "rheumatoid factor" do?
The rheumatoid factor is an autoantibody. It targets the Fc portion of IgG.
18) TCR variability occurs due to...?
19) ANA play a role in which autoimmune disease?
20) What are molecular triggers of autoimmunity?
21) What are the effects of constriction of the heart?
22) How is the nutrient exchange in the capillaries maximised?
23) Arteriole constriction is influenced by...?
24) How is the backflow of blood into the heart maintained? [DONE]
Regurgitation in or near the heart can be caused by valvular
insufficiency. For instance, aortic valve insufficiency causes
regurgitation through that valve, called aortic regurgitation.
Blood is pumped through the heart in only one direction. Heart
valves play a key role in this one-way blood flow, opening and
closing with each heartbeat. Pressure changes behind and in
front of the valves allow them to open their flap-like "doors"
at just the right time, then close them tightly to prevent a
backflow of blood.
25) Which is true for the heart?
--> basic facts were given
26) Angiogenesis is involved in which of the following processes?
27) How does VEGF affect edothelial cells?
28) Which is true for lipid particles?
--> a question about HDL, LDL, ...
29) "Secondary hemostasis" involves...?
--> thrombin
--> fibrinolysis
--> platelet aggregation
--> tissue factor
30) How is "constriction/dilation" regulated in arterioles?
Mein Tipp: Zur VO gehen, mitschreiben und dann ~2 Wochen lernen. Und
zwar detailliert! Nichts weglassen und schauen, dass man Zusammenhänge
versteht und Details wirklich gut beherrscht.
Die Prüfung war definitiv tricky aber kein Problem wenn man sich wie
beschrieben vorbereitet hat
P.S.: Bitte nicht immer nur "bitte postet eure Fragen. Danke
" schreiben,
sondern auch selbst mal was beitragen. Irgendwie kommt es mir so vor als
ob viele hier vom Forum profitieren wollen, ohne selbst was beizutragen -
was meine Motivation, Fragen und Tipps zu teilen ziemlich schmälert. Man
muss ja nicht alle Fragen aus dem Gedächtnis rekonstruieren...aber wenn
man sich noch an ein paar erinnert --> niederschreiben --> ins Forum
tippen. Ist nicht viel Arbeit und wir alle haben was davon. Danke!
(Das richtet sich jetzt nicht speziell gegen irgendjemanden in diesem
Thread...sondern ich wollte das allgemein festgehalten haben)
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28.06.2016
1. Which Allergens derived from "Archaea", (cupin, Bet v 1,....)
2. Where is double psi beta motiv (grass pollen group 1,...)
3. PAMPs in gram positive bacteria (LPS; lipo..acid, unmethylated CpG DNA, ssRNA)
4. Cell-associated PPRs (pentaxin, TLRs, NLRs, ...)
5. Which PPRs recognise RNA (TLR3, RLR, ....)
6. What is in a 2myddosome"? (IRAK4, IRAK1/2, MyD88,....) [DONE]
7. Where is TIR domain (IRAK4, Mal, MyD88, ....)
MyD88 has a TIR domain.
8. Which is in MAC: C5a, C7,C8,C9
9. What is in an "Inflammasome"? (IL13, IL18,....)
The inflammasome promotes the maturation of the inflammatory cytokines
Interleukin 1Beta (IL-1Beta) and Interleukin 18 (IL-18).
10. from monocyte progenitor (monocyte, dendritic cells, macrophages,...)
11. B cell maturation to naive B cells with IgM, IgD (in blood, in bone marrow, with antigen, without antigen)
12. secondary lymph organs (antigen interaction with T and B cells,...)
13. Abs classes (different heavy chains, different functions, differentantigen recognition,...)
14. Th role (Macrophages activation, B cell activation, inflammation,...)
15. TCR diversity (junctional ..., recombination, a and b chain combination)
16. What is wrong by autoimmunity (lack of self tolerance, autoantibody,...)
17. MS description (T cells against myelin, auto Ab against myelin,...)
18. miRNAs (silnecing, expression,...)
19. Mumab for (human Abs, humanized, chimeric....)
20. Collagen type 2 in bone, blood, cartilage,...
21. SMCs in (media, intima....)
22. Arteries role
23. Arterioles role
24. systole-diastole
25. Induction of angiogenesis
26. Diapedesis
27. TGs +chylomicron
29. Primary hemostasis [DONE]
30. platelets adhesion
- Which allergen families have "Archean ancestors"? [DONE]
I believe none.
- What ist the "MHC shared epitope"? [DONE]
In Rheumatoid arthritis:
"Shared epitope on HLA-DRB1 molecules"
Genetic Background of Rheumatoid Arthritis:
Genetics account for ~60% of the variation in liability to
disease. 70% of RA patients carry alleles encoding a "shared
epitope" on the HLA-DRB1 molecule (DRB1*0401, 0404, 0405,
0101). The shared epitope is a short sequence motif QR(K)RAA,
aka a five amino acid sequence motif, in the hypervariable
region of the HLA-DRß1 chain involved in peptide binding and
interaction with the T cell receptor. HLA-DRB1 is associated
with ACPA positivity and severe disease.
Links:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2921962/- Which of the following PRRs bind "carbohydrates"? [DONE]
Carbohydates that are relevant are Mannan and Dectin.
C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) bind carbohydrates on the
surface of a wide range of microbes. CLRs bind carbohydrates
through one or more conserved carbohydrate recognition
domains (CRDs).
DC-SIGN on macrophages recognizes and binds to mannose
type carbohydrates.
Collectins can also recognize carbohydrates.
Receptors that recognize carbohydrates on the surface of microbes
facilitate the phagocytosis of the microbes and stimulate subsequent
adaptive immune responses. These receptors belong to the "C-type
lectin family", so called because they bind carbohydrates in a
Ca 2+ - dependent manner.
Some of these are soluble proteins found in the blood
and extracellular fluids, others are integral membrane
proteins found on the surface of macrophages, dendritic
cells and some tissue cells.
All these molecules contain a conserved carbohydrate
recognition domain.
There are several types of plasma membrane C-type
lectins with specificities for different carbohydrates,
including mannose, glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, and
Beta-glucans.
In general, these cell surface lectins recognize
carbohydrate structures found on cell walls of
microorganisms but not on mammalian cells.
Some of these C-type lectin receptors function in the phagocytosis
of microbes, others have signaling functions that induce protective
responses.
One of the most studied membrane C-type lectins is the mannose
receptor (CD206) which is involved in the phagocytosis of microbes.
This receptor recognizes certain terminal sugars on
microbial surface carbohydrates including D-mannose,
L-fucose, and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.
Mannose receptors do not have any known intrinsic
signaling function, they bind microbes as the first step in
their ingestion by macrophages and dendritic cells.
Dectin-1 (dendritic cell-associated C-type lectin 1) and
dectin-2 are dendritic cell receptors that serve as PRR
for two life cycle stages of fungal organisms.
Dectin-1 binds beta-glucan which is the major component of the
yeast form of Candida albicans.
Dectin-2 recognizes high-mannose oligosaccharides on the
hyphal form of C. albicans.
C. albicans is a fungus that grows both as unicellular yeast and
filamentous cells (hyphae) and a causal agent of opportunistic
oral and genital infections in humans.
In response to binding to their ligands, both dectins induce
signaling events in dendritic cells that result in the production
of cytokines that promote the differentiation of naïve CD4 + T
cells into Th17 cells which are particularly effective in the
defense against fungal pathogens.
- Which of the following PRRs bind "nucleic acids"?
RIG-like receptors can bind nucleic acids.
RIG-like receptors (RLRs) are cytosolic sensors of viral
RNA that respond to viral nucleic acids by inducing the
production of antiviral type I interferon.
RLRs recognize dsRNA and ssRNA which includes the
genomes of RNA viruses and RNA transcripts of RNA
and DNA viruses.
There are three RLRs: RIG-I, MDA5, and LGP2 that act as sensors
of viral replication within the cytoplasm of human cells.
The two best characterized RLRs are RIG-1 (retinoic acid-inducible
gene I) and MDA5 (melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5).
- Where do cells of the immune system develop/mature?
- Der p 2 is structurally similar to which structure in the body?
- Which of the following allergens bind LPS?
- Which allergens belong to the group of beta expansins?
- Which PRRs are membrane accociated?
- What is the "Vascular tone"?
- How are "arteries" characterised?
- Characteristics of tumor induced angiogenesis?
- Characteristics of MS? (auto AB against..)
- Causes for auto immune diseases (loss of self tolerance...)
- Induction of mouse model for MS? (cartilage, Collagen type
II antibody induced arthritis)
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05.06.2018:
- What is true for "Autoimmunity"? [DONE]
Autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its
own healthy cells and tissues. Any disease that results from such an aberrant
immune response is termed an "autoimmune disease".
Prominent examples include:
o) Graves' disease
o) diabetes mellitus type 1
o) Hashimoto's thyroiditis
o) SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus
Autoimmune diseases are very often treated with steroids.
Diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and thyrotoxicosis are
associated with loss of immunological tolerance.
- Nets are formed by (Eosinophiles, Neutrophiles, ..) [DONE]
Neutrophiles.
- Angiogenesis occurs when?
Angiogenesis literally means creation of new blood vessels. The
word "angio" means blood vessels while "genesis" means creation.
Angiogenesis is an important process that occurs both during
health and disease. Blood is important in the body as it
carries oxygen and nutrients to all the parts of the body
via blood vessels like arteries and brings back the toxins
and wastes from these peripheral organs for purification
via veins.
The normal body has controls over the process of angiogenesis.
The body strives to maintain a balance of angiogenesis
regulators. When this control is lost, either too much
or too little angiogenesis may be the result.
- Structure motif of "Tropomyosins": [DONE]
-> Tropomyosin is involved in the autoimmune disease ulcerative
colitis
-> Structure: a two-stranded alpha-helical coiled coil protein
- Class switching in B cells:
-> In Immunoglobulin class switching, the variable region does
not change, class switching does not affect antigen specificity.
- Allergens from Archaea (Bet v1, cupin, ..)
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/754413_11 Their S-layers can be allergic.
- something with shared epitope on MHC, HLAs ..
- ANA, in which disease?
- Which PRRs bind RNA?
- Which PRRs bind lipoproteins?
- Capillaries, nutrient exchange
- Capillaries, structure
- CRPs, what kind of protein? (Pentraxins)
- TCR virability (VDJ, junctional diversity, alpha/beta chains)
- Something with Thrombosis
- difference Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis
- Triglycerides (engergy source, only transportet via LDL and chylomicron, main dietary lipid, in tissue?)
- Maturation of B cells (antigendependent or independent, in bone marrow or circulating)
- Angiogenesis in eye (not triggered by hipoxia, when retina
pigment cells produce VEGF, 2 more answers)
- in mouse: collagen II induces ..
- MHCs are (polymorph, polygene, monogen, ..) [DONE]
MHCs are highly polymorphic and have many variants.
- CD16 in NK cells do what? [DONE]
CD16 can recognize antibody-coated cells, which will then eliminate
the target through direct killing and cytokine production.
- MicroRNA (Gene silencing, ..)
- Proteins that build pores (C9, perforin, 2 more answers)
- Bacterial PAMPs (LPS, Lipotechoic acid, flagellin, dsRAN, ssRNA)
- Hypertension, when?
- Contractions are triggered by (Ca, phosphorylation of myelin, ..)
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04.07.2018:
- Effekte von VEGF
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07.06.2019:
- Wer schlug das ribbon-Modell für Proteine vor?
Jane Richardson.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribbon_diagram- Funktion von CD16?
- Beim Lektin-Pathway sind welche Moleküle beteiligt? (5 Möglichkeiten,
2 waren richtig; denke es war MBL und noch etwas ... 2 Möglichkeiten
waren Komplementproteine C1q und C1s oder C1r ... denke das war
falsch, da diese beim klassischen Komplementweg eine Rolle spielen.)
An den Rest kann ich mich kaum erinnern. Es war so oder so mein letzter
Antritt, da ich eigentlich nicht mehr wirklich aktiv studieren. Viel Erfolg
den Studenten die nachkommen!
